Summary of the Chapter

The chapter "Manufacturing Industries" discusses the importance of manufacturing industries in the economic development of India. It begins by explaining how manufacturing transforms raw materials into finished goods of higher value, contributing significantly to the national economy. The chapter classifies industries based on raw materials, ownership, and the weight of raw materials and finished products.

The chapter covers major industries in India including iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, aluminum smelting, chemical, fertilizer, cement, automobile, and information technology industries. It discusses the factors affecting the location of industries and the industrial pollution caused by different types of industries. Finally, the chapter emphasizes the need for sustainable development through measures like water harvesting, rainwater harvesting, and using environmentally friendly technologies.

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NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises (Page 79)

Question 1: Multiple choice questions: (i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material? (a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Sugar (d) Jute

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement
(c) Jute
(d) Steel

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc?
(a) Steel
(b) Electronic
(c) Aluminium
(d) Information Technology

Answer-
(i) (b) Cement
(ii) (b) SAIL
(iii) (a) Aluminium
(iv) (b) Electronic

Question 2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) What is manufacturing?
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.

Answer-
(i) Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.

(ii) Three physical factors:

• Availability of raw materials
• Suitable climate
• Water and power supply

(iii) Three human factors:

• Labour supply
• Market
• Transport facilities

(iv) Basic industries: Industries which supply their products as raw materials to other industries.
Example: Iron and steel industry

(v) Raw materials for cement:

• Limestone
• Silica
• Alumina
• Gypsum

Question 3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words:
(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry.

Answer-
(i) Integrated steel plants vs Mini steel plants:
Integrated steel plants:

• Large plants handling all processes from raw material to finished steel
• Use blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace
• Require large capital investment
• Example: Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro

Mini steel plants:

• Smaller plants using steel scrap/sponge iron
• Use electric arc furnace
• Require less capital investment
• Example: Various small-scale units

Problems faced:

• High costs of production
• Limited availability of coking coal
• Lower productivity
• Poor infrastructure

Recent developments:

• Liberalization and foreign direct investment
• Modernization of plants
• Use of better technologies

(ii) Industrial pollution of environment:

• Air pollution: From smoke, toxic gases, particulate matter
• Water pollution: From industrial effluents containing chemicals
• Land pollution: From dumping of solid wastes
• Noise pollution: From machinery and equipment
• Thermal pollution: From hot water discharge

(iii) Steps to minimize environmental degradation:

• Water conservation: Rainwater harvesting
• Treatment plants: For treating industrial waste water
• Clean technologies: Using environmentally friendly processes
• Recycling: Reusing waste materials
• Afforestation: Planting trees around industrial areas
• Environmental audit: Regular monitoring of pollution levels
• Legal measures: Strict enforcement of pollution control laws

Question 4: Map Skills: Give an account of the major iron and steel plants of India with reference to their location and development.

Answer-
[Students should mark these on a map and describe:
1.Bhilai Steel Plant: Located in Chhattisgarh, set up with Russian collaboration
2.Durgapur Steel Plant: Located in West Bengal, set up with British collaboration
3.Bokaro Steel Plant: Located in Jharkhand, set up with Russian collaboration
4.Jamshedpur Steel Plant: Located in Jharkhand, first steel plant by TATA
5.Rourkela Steel Plant: Located in Odisha, set up with German collaboration
6.Burnpur Steel Plant: Located in West Bengal, modernized plant
7.Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant: Located in Andhra Pradesh, first shore-based plant]

Additional Questions

Question 5: Classify industries based on different criteria.

Answer-

Question 6: Describe the factors affecting the location of industries.

Answer-
Factors affecting location of industries:

1.Physical factors:

• Raw materials: Availability and proximity to raw materials
• Power: Availability of electricity and other power sources
• Water supply: For processing and cooling
• Climate: Suitable weather conditions

2.Human factors:

• Labour: Availability of skilled and unskilled workers
• Market: Proximity to markets for finished goods
• Transport: Good transport facilities
• Capital: Availability of investment funds

3.Government policies:

• Industrial policies: Incentives and subsidies
• Infrastructure: Development of industrial estates
• Tax benefits: Special economic zones

4.Other factors:

• Historical factors: Traditional industrial areas
• Agglomeration economies: Benefits of locating near other industries

Question 7: Explain the importance of manufacturing industries.

Answer-
Importance of manufacturing industries:

1.Economic development:

• Contributes significantly to national income
• Provides employment opportunities
• Promotes economic growth

2.Modernization:

• Brings technological advancement
• Improves living standards
• Promotes innovation

3.Self-sufficiency:

• Reduces dependence on imports
• Saves foreign exchange
• Strengthens national security

4.Agricultural development:

• Provides market for agricultural products
• Supplies inputs to agriculture
• Creates demand for infrastructure

5.Export promotion:

• Earns foreign exchange
• Improves balance of payments
• Enhances international trade

6.Regional development:

• Reduces regional disparities
• Promotes balanced development
• Creates infrastructure

Question 8: Describe the cotton textile industry in India.

Answer-
Cotton textile industry in India:

Historical significance:

• Traditional industry dating back to ancient times
• First modern cotton mill established in Mumbai in 1854

Distribution:

• Maharashtra: Mumbai, Pune, Sholapur, Nagpur
• Gujarat: Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara
• Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Chennai, Madurai
• West Bengal: Kolkata, Howrah
• Uttar Pradesh: Kanpur, Agra

Problems faced:

• Obsolete machinery: Use of old and outdated machines
• Irregular power supply: Frequent power cuts
• Low productivity: Compared to international standards
• Competition: From synthetic fibers and imported textiles
• Labour problems: Strikes and unrest

Recent developments:

• Modernization: Upgradation of technology
• Export promotion: Focus on export markets
• Handloom sector: Promotion of traditional handlooms
• Powerlooms: Growth of decentralized sector

Question 9: What are the major industrial regions of India?

Answer-

Question 10: Explain the environmental impacts of industries and measures to control them.

Answer-
Environmental impacts of industries:

1.Air pollution:

• Causes: Smoke, gases, particulate matter from industries
• Effects: Respiratory diseases, acid rain, global warming
• Control: Use of electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers

2.Water pollution:

• Causes: Discharge of industrial effluents
• Effects: Waterborne diseases, aquatic life destruction
• Control: Effluent treatment plants, recycling water

3.Land pollution:

• Causes: Dumping of industrial waste
• Effects: Soil degradation, groundwater contamination
• Control: Proper waste management, recycling

4.Noise pollution:

• Causes: Machinery, generators, transportation
• Effects: Hearing loss, stress, reduced productivity
• Control: Sound-absorbing materials, green belts

5.Thermal pollution:

• Causes: Discharge of hot water
• Effects: Reduces oxygen in water, affects aquatic life
• Control: Cooling towers, cooling ponds

Measures for environmental protection:

• Sustainable development: Balancing economic growth with environmental protection
• Clean technologies: Using eco-friendly production methods
• Environmental laws: Strict implementation of pollution control acts
• Public awareness: Educating people about environmental issues
• Corporate responsibility: Industries taking responsibility for environmental protection

Question 11: Describe the IT industry in India.

Answer-
IT industry in India:

Growth and development:

• Rapid growth since economic liberalization in 1991
• Major contributor to India's GDP and exports
• Employment generation for educated youth

Major centers:

• Bangalore: Silicon Valley of India
• Hyderabad: HITEC City
• Pune: Emerging IT hub
• Chennai: IT corridor
• NCR: Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida
• Mumbai: Financial and IT services

Contributions:

• Economic: Significant foreign exchange earnings
• Employment: Large-scale job creation
• Infrastructure: Development of modern infrastructure
• Global recognition: India as IT superpower

Challenges:

• Competition: From other developing countries
• Infrastructure: Need for better facilities
• Skill development: Need for continuous training
• Data security: Protection of information

Future prospects:

• Digital India: Government initiatives
• Startup ecosystem: Growth of tech startups
• Artificial Intelligence: Emerging technologies
• Global partnerships: International collaborations

Question 12: What is NTPC and what are its environmental initiatives?

Answer-
NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation):

• India's largest power generation company
• Established in 1975
• Major producer of thermal power

Environmental initiatives by NTPC:

1.Afforestation:

• Planting trees in and around power plants
• Creating green belts
• Biodiversity conservation

2.Ash pond management:

• Scientific management of fly ash
• Ash utilization in cement and brick making
• Preventing ash contamination

3.Efficient technologies:

• Using supercritical technology
• Installing electrostatic precipitators
• Adopting clean coal technologies

4.Water conservation:

• Rainwater harvesting
• Water recycling
• Efficient cooling systems

5.Renewable energy:

• Investing in solar power
• Developing wind energy projects
• Promoting clean energy sources

6.Environmental monitoring:

• Regular pollution monitoring
• Environmental audits
• Compliance with standards

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Important Keywords from the Chapter

• Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials
• Agro-based Industries: Industries that use agricultural products as raw materials
• Mineral-based Industries: Industries that use minerals as raw materials
• Public Sector Industries: Industries owned and operated by government
• Private Sector Industries: Industries owned and operated by individuals or companies
• Joint Sector Industries: Industries owned jointly by government and private parties
• Cooperative Sector Industries: Industries owned and operated by producers or suppliers
• Heavy Industries: Industries that use heavy and bulky raw materials
• Light Industries: Industries that use light raw materials
• Integrated Steel Plants: Large steel plants handling all processes
• Mini Steel Plants: Small steel plants using scrap iron
• Smelting: Process of extracting metal from its ore
• Industrial Pollution: Pollution caused by industrial activities
• Sustainable Development: Development that meets present needs without compromising future
• NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation
• SAIL: Steel Authority of India Limited
• Agglomeration Economies: Benefits gained by firms locating near each other
• Industrial Region: Area with concentration of industries
• IT Industry: Information Technology industry
• Environmental Audit: Assessment of environmental impact of industries